Establishing the Canadian HIV Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study (CHIWOS): Operationalizing Community-based Research in a Large National Quantitative Study.

Community-based research has gained increasing recognition in health research over the last two decades. Such participatory research approaches are lauded for their ability to anchor research in lived experiences, ensuring cultural appropriateness, accessing local knowledge, reaching marginalized communities, building capacity, and facilitating research-to-action.
While having these positive attributes, the community-based health research literature is predominantly composed of small projects, using qualitative methods, and set within geographically limited communities. Its use in larger health studies, including clinical trials and cohorts, is limited. We present the Canadian HIV Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study (CHIWOS), a large-scale, multi-site, national, longitudinal quantitative study that has operationalized community-based research in all steps of the research process. Successes, challenges and further considerations are offered.
Through the integration of community-based research principles, we have been successful in: facilitating a two-year long formative phase for this study; developing a novel survey instrument with national involvement; training 39 Peer Research Associates (PRAs); offering ongoing comprehensive support to PRAs; and engaging in an ongoing iterative community-based research process.
Our community-based research approach within CHIWOS demanded that we be cognizant of challenges managing a large national team, inherent power imbalances and challenges with communication, compensation and volunteering considerations, and extensive delays in institutional processes. It is important to consider the iterative nature of community-based research and to work through tensions that emerge given the diverse perspectives of numerous team members.
Community-based research, as an approach to large-scale quantitative health research projects, is an increasingly viable methodological option. Community-based research has several advantages that go hand-in-hand with its obstacles. We offer guidance on implementing this approach, such that the process can be better planned and result in success.
Establishing the Canadian HIV Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study (CHIWOS): Operationalizing Community-based Research in a Large National Quantitative Study.
Establishing the Canadian HIV Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study (CHIWOS): Operationalizing Community-based Research in a Large National Quantitative Study.

Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for HIV-1.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the cause of one of the most lethal pandemics in human history, although in recent years access to highly effective anti-retroviral therapy has provided new hope worldwide. Transmission of HIV by sexual contact, childbirth and injection drug use has been reduced, but 2 million are newly infected each year, and much of the transmission is from people who do not know their status. In addition to known methods, a preventive vaccine is needed to end the pandemic.

Nitroblue tetrazolium chloride

GC4263-5G Glentham Life Sciences 5 g 265.2 EUR

Nitroblue tetrazolium chloride

GC4263-1 Glentham Life Sciences 1 71.1 EUR

Nitroblue tetrazolium chloride

GC4263-5 Glentham Life Sciences 5 189.8 EUR

Nitroblue tetrazolium chloride

GC4263-500 Glentham Life Sciences 500 45.1 EUR

Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride

HY-15925 MedChemExpress 250mg 142.8 EUR

NBT (nitro blue tetrazolium, chloride)

10008 Biotium 250MG 109.2 EUR
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 250MG

NBT (nitro blue tetrazolium, chloride)

10008-1 Biotium 1G 213.6 EUR
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NBT (nitro blue tetrazolium, chloride)

10008-2 Biotium 5G 663.6 EUR
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Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride monohydrate

20-abx184281 Abbexa
  • 292.80 EUR
  • 526.80 EUR
  • 1 g
  • 5 g

Tetrazolium Red

HY-D0714 MedChemExpress 500mg 129.6 EUR

Tetrazolium Violet

GT6818-10G Glentham Life Sciences 10 g 351.6 EUR

Tetrazolium Violet

GT6818-1G Glentham Life Sciences 1 g 84 EUR

Tetrazolium Violet

GT6818-5G Glentham Life Sciences 5 g 204 EUR

Tetrazolium Violet

GT6818-1 Glentham Life Sciences 1 39.4 EUR

Tetrazolium Violet

GT6818-10 Glentham Life Sciences 10 261 EUR

Tetrazolium Violet

GT6818-5 Glentham Life Sciences 5 138.5 EUR

Tetrazolium Blue Chloride

GT7170-1G Glentham Life Sciences 1 g 84 EUR

Tetrazolium Blue Chloride

GT7170-5G Glentham Life Sciences 5 g 180 EUR

Tetrazolium Blue Chloride

GT7170-1 Glentham Life Sciences 1 39.4 EUR

Tetrazolium Blue Chloride

GT7170-5 Glentham Life Sciences 5 118.7 EUR

Tetranitroblue tetrazolium chloride

GK5496-100MG Glentham Life Sciences 100 mg 76.8 EUR

Tetranitroblue tetrazolium chloride

GK5496-1G Glentham Life Sciences 1 g 284.4 EUR

Tetranitroblue tetrazolium chloride

GK5496-1 Glentham Life Sciences 1 205.7 EUR

Tetranitroblue tetrazolium chloride

GK5496-100 Glentham Life Sciences 100 34.1 EUR

Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide

abx188911-50g Abbexa 50 g 927.6 EUR

Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide

20-abx082213 Abbexa
  • 243.60 EUR
  • 385.20 EUR
  • 250 mg
  • 5 g

Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide

20-abx082549 Abbexa
  • 226.80 EUR
  • 326.40 EUR
  • 250 mg
  • 5 g

Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide

GC4568-10G Glentham Life Sciences 10 g 208.8 EUR

Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide

GC4568-1G Glentham Life Sciences 1 g 74.4 EUR

Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide

GC4568-5G Glentham Life Sciences 5 g 132 EUR

Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide

GC4568-1 Glentham Life Sciences 1 31.7 EUR

Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide

GC4568-10 Glentham Life Sciences 10 142.4 EUR

Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide

GC4568-5 Glentham Life Sciences 5 79.1 EUR

Tetranitroblue tetrazolium chloride (TNBT)

T6756 Bio Basic 250mg 99.67 EUR

Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT)

T0793 Bio Basic 500mg 86.1 EUR

CTC (5-Cyano-2, 3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride)

10063 Biotium 10MG 121.2 EUR
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 10MG

Tetrazole

abx089253-100ml Abbexa 100 ml 393.6 EUR

Tetrazole

A7061-100000 ApexBio 100 g 211.2 EUR
Description: IC50: Not available.Tetrazole is the simplest compound belonging to tetrazoles family, a class of synthetic organic heterocyclic compound consists of a 5-member ring of four nitrogen and one carbon atom.

Tetrazole

A7061-25000 ApexBio 25 g 110.4 EUR
Description: IC50: Not available.Tetrazole is the simplest compound belonging to tetrazoles family, a class of synthetic organic heterocyclic compound consists of a 5-member ring of four nitrogen and one carbon atom.

(RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine

B6254-10 ApexBio 10 mg 459.6 EUR

(RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine

B6254-50 ApexBio 50 mg 1746 EUR

5-Methyl tetrazole

20-abx183745 Abbexa
  • 526.80 EUR
  • 309.60 EUR
  • 25 g
  • 5 g

5-Ethylthio-1(H)-tetrazole

GE7013-1G Glentham Life Sciences 1 g 54 EUR

5-Ethylthio-1(H)-tetrazole

GE7013-25G Glentham Life Sciences 25 g 180 EUR

5-Ethylthio-1(H)-tetrazole

GE7013-5G Glentham Life Sciences 5 g 84 EUR

Tetrazole-1-acetic acid

GE9742-1G Glentham Life Sciences 1 g 69.6 EUR

Tetrazole-1-acetic acid

GE9742-5G Glentham Life Sciences 5 g 126 EUR

42-(2-Tetrazolyl)rapamycin

HY-12424A MedChemExpress 1mg 241.2 EUR

5-Ethylthio-1(H)-tetrazole

GE7013-1 Glentham Life Sciences 1 16.4 EUR

5-Ethylthio-1(H)-tetrazole

GE7013-25 Glentham Life Sciences 25 118.7 EUR

5-Ethylthio-1(H)-tetrazole

GE7013-5 Glentham Life Sciences 5 39.4 EUR

5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate

GK3683-100G Glentham Life Sciences 100 g 124.8 EUR

5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate

GK3683-250G Glentham Life Sciences 250 g 212.4 EUR

5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate

GK3683-25G Glentham Life Sciences 25 g 70.8 EUR

5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate

GK3683-500G Glentham Life Sciences 500 g 342 EUR

5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate

GK3683-100 Glentham Life Sciences 100 73.5 EUR

5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate

GK3683-25 Glentham Life Sciences 25 29.2 EUR

5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate

GK3683-250 Glentham Life Sciences 250 145.5 EUR

5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate

GK3683-500 Glentham Life Sciences 500 253.1 EUR

5-bromo-N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridi

20-abx185265 Abbexa
  • 326.40 EUR
  • 560.40 EUR
  • 1 g
  • 5 g

N-(Triphenylmethyl)-5-(4'-bromomethylbiphenyl-2-yl-)tetrazole

20-abx181327 Abbexa
  • 276.00 EUR
  • 444.00 EUR
  • 1 g
  • 5 g

2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-(3-nitropropanoyl) -α-D-glucopyranose

TTE1357 ChemNorm 5mg Ask for price

3-Nitro-4-((tetrahydro-2h-pyran-4-yl)methylamino)benzenesulfonamide

20-abx184585 Abbexa
  • 1095.60 EUR
  • 2715.60 EUR
  • 1 g
  • 5 g

Nitrobenzene

S-2705 Scientific Laboratory Supplies 1ML 45.6 EUR

4-Nitrobiphenyl

20-abx181185 Abbexa
  • 2097.60 EUR
  • 594.00 EUR
  • 444.00 EUR
  • 100 g
  • 10 g
  • 5 g

3-nitrobiphenyl

abx186279-25g Abbexa 25 g 577.2 EUR

Nitrobenzene-d5

S-2710 Scientific Laboratory Supplies 1ML 84 EUR

4-Nitrobenzamide

20-abx183634 Abbexa
  • 410.40 EUR
  • 260.40 EUR
  • 100 g
  • 25 g

Nitrobenzene-HRP

80-1230 Fitzgerald 500 ul 970.8 EUR
Description: Nitrobenzene Conjugate for use in immunoassays

4-Nitrobenzoic acid

GK5397-25G Glentham Life Sciences 25 g 52.8 EUR

VOC Nitrobenzene Neat

REVOC380N Scientific Laboratory Supplies 10MG 46.87 EUR

4-Nitrobenzoic acid

GK5397-25 Glentham Life Sciences 25 15.1 EUR

XFD488 tetrazine *Same Structure to Alexa Fluor™ 488 tetrazine*

4600 AAT Bioquest 1 mg 157 EUR

XFD488 tetrazine *Same Structure to Alexa Fluorâ„¢ 488 tetrazine*

4600-1mg AAT Bioquest 1 mg 157 EUR
Description: XFD488 is manufactured by AAT Bioquest, and it has the same chemical structure of Alexa Fluor® 488 (Alexa Fluor® is the trademark of ThermoFisher).

BDP 630/650 tetrazine, 5 mg

254 Lumiprobe 5 mg 280.8 EUR

BDP 581/591 tetrazine, 100 mg

664 Lumiprobe 100 mg 1711.2 EUR

BDP 581/591 tetrazine, 50 mg

564 Lumiprobe 50 mg 1105.2 EUR

BDP 630/650 tetrazine, 100 mg

654 Lumiprobe 100 mg 1711.2 EUR

BDP 581/591 tetrazine, 25 mg

464 Lumiprobe 25 mg 615.6 EUR

3-Nitrobenzyl bromide

20-abx183444 Abbexa
  • 444.00 EUR
  • 276.00 EUR
  • 100 g
  • 25 g

4-Nitrobenzyl bromide

abx185814-500g Abbexa 500 g 493.2 EUR

3‐NITROBENZALDEHYDE

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3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol

GK0858-100 Glentham Life Sciences 100 143.2 EUR

3-Nitrobenzaldehyde

GK2298-25G Glentham Life Sciences 25 g 60 EUR

4-Nitrobenzaldehyde

GK3210-25G Glentham Life Sciences 25 g 70.8 EUR

2-Nitrobenzaldehyde

GK9508-100G Glentham Life Sciences 100 g 109.2 EUR

2-Nitrobenzaldehyde

GK9508-25G Glentham Life Sciences 25 g 66 EUR

VOC Std Nitrobenzene 1000ug/mL in MeOH

REVOC380 Scientific Laboratory Supplies 1ML 55.49 EUR

VOC Std Nitrobenzene 2000ug/mL in MeOH

REVOC381 Scientific Laboratory Supplies 1ML 78.34 EUR

2-Nitrobenzaldehyde

GK9508-100 Glentham Life Sciences 100 60.9 EUR

2-Nitrobenzaldehyde

GK9508-25 Glentham Life Sciences 25 24.6 EUR

3-Nitrobenzaldehyde

GK2298-25 Glentham Life Sciences 25 19.8 EUR

4-Nitrobenzaldehyde

GK3210-25 Glentham Life Sciences 25 28.4 EUR

3-Nitrobenzyl chloride

GK3336-5 Glentham Life Sciences 5 31.7 EUR

Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate

CB0258 Bio Basic 500g 77.75 EUR

Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate

GE9273-10KG Glentham Life Sciences 10 kg 199.2 EUR

Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate

GE9273-1KG Glentham Life Sciences 1 kg 64.8 EUR

Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate

GE9273-500G Glentham Life Sciences 500 g 55.2 EUR

Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate

GE9273-5KG Glentham Life Sciences 5 kg 132 EUR

Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate

GE9273-1 Glentham Life Sciences 1 23.8 EUR

Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate

GE9273-10 Glentham Life Sciences 10 134.4 EUR

Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate

GE9273-5 Glentham Life Sciences 5 79.1 EUR

Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate

GE9273-500 Glentham Life Sciences 500 15.9 EUR

BDP TR tetrazine, 5 mg

234 Lumiprobe 5 mg 280.8 EUR

BDP TR tetrazine, 25 mg

434 Lumiprobe 25 mg 615.6 EUR

BDP FL tetrazine, 25 mg

414 Lumiprobe 25 mg 615.6 EUR

BDP FL tetrazine, 100 mg

614 Lumiprobe 100 mg 1711.2 EUR

BDP TR tetrazine, 50 mg

534 Lumiprobe 50 mg 1105.2 EUR

BDP FL tetrazine, 50 mg

514 Lumiprobe 50 mg 1105.2 EUR

Cy3 tetrazine

910 AAT Bioquest 1 mg 222 EUR

Cy5 tetrazine

902 AAT Bioquest 1 mg 222 EUR

Cy5 tetrazine

902-1mg AAT Bioquest 1 mg 222 EUR
Description: The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation constitutes a non-toxic biomolecule labeling method of unparalleled speed.

Cy3 tetrazine

910-1mg AAT Bioquest 1 mg 222 EUR
Description: The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation constitutes a non-toxic biomolecule labeling method of unparalleled speed.

3‐NITRO‐2‐METHYL BENZOIC ACID (3‐NITRO‐O‐ TOLUIC ACID; 2‐METHYL‐3‐NITROBENZOIC ACID)

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iFluor® 647 Tetrazine

1019 AAT Bioquest 1 mg 211 EUR

BDP R6G tetrazine, 25 mg

444 Lumiprobe 25 mg 615.6 EUR

BDP R6G tetrazine, 50 mg

544 Lumiprobe 50 mg 1105.2 EUR

BDP R6G tetrazine, 100 mg

644 Lumiprobe 100 mg 1711.2 EUR

Cy3B Tetrazine

948 AAT Bioquest 1 mg 412 EUR

Cy3B Tetrazine

948-1mg AAT Bioquest 1 mg 412 EUR
Description: Cy3® dye is one of the most common cyanine dyes used for labeling proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules.

Manganese(II) nitrate tetrahydrate, 97.5%

GX8825-1 Glentham Life Sciences 1 133.4 EUR

iFluor® 488 Tetrazine

1014-1mg AAT Bioquest 1 mg 211 EUR
Description: The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation constitutes a non-toxic biomolecule labeling method of unparalleled speed.

iFluor® 555 Tetrazine

1016-1mg AAT Bioquest 1 mg 211 EUR
Description: The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation constitutes a non-toxic biomolecule labeling method of unparalleled speed.

iFluor® 594 Tetrazine

1018-1mg AAT Bioquest 1 mg 211 EUR
Description: The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation constitutes a non-toxic biomolecule labeling method of unparalleled speed.

iFluor® 647 Tetrazine

1019-1mg AAT Bioquest 1 mg 211 EUR
Description: The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation constitutes a non-toxic biomolecule labeling method of unparalleled speed.

1-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-1H-imidazole

20-abx186664 Abbexa
  • 393.60 EUR
  • 243.60 EUR
  • 661.20 EUR
  • 309.60 EUR
  • 10 g
  • 1 g
  • 25 g
  • 5 g

SVOC Std 4-Nitrobiphenyl 1000ug/mL in MeOH

RESVOC033 Scientific Laboratory Supplies 1ML 116.2 EUR

SVOC Std 4-Nitrobiphenyl 2000ug/mL in MeOH

RESVOC034 Scientific Laboratory Supplies 1ML 138.39 EUR

CF568 tetrazine

96055 Biotium 1mg 428.4 EUR
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg

CF647 tetrazine

96056 Biotium 1mg 428.4 EUR
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg

4-Nitro-Z-Gly-Cys(7-nitro-benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-4-yl)-Gly-OH

M-1590.0025 Bachem 25.0mg 877.2 EUR
Description: Sum Formula: C21H19N7O11S; CAS# [152390-46-0]

4-Nitro-Z-Gly-Cys(7-nitro-benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-4-yl)-Gly-OH

M-1590.0100 Bachem 100.0mg 2473.2 EUR
Description: Sum Formula: C21H19N7O11S; CAS# [152390-46-0]

5,5'-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)

20-abx183655 Abbexa
  • 944.40 EUR
  • 460.80 EUR
  • 260.40 EUR
  • 100 g
  • 25 g
  • 5 g

5, 5′-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid)

abx082091-1g Abbexa 1 g 226.8 EUR

5, 5′-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid)

abx082288-1g Abbexa 1 g 243.6 EUR

5,5''-Dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)

GK9458-1 Glentham Life Sciences 1 21 EUR

5,5''-Dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)

GK9458-25 Glentham Life Sciences 25 163.2 EUR

5,5''-Dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)

GK9458-5 Glentham Life Sciences 5 43 EUR

CF488A tetrazine

96054 Biotium 1mg 428.4 EUR
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg

1-(2-Bromoethoxy)-4-Nitrobenzene

20-abx188068 Abbexa
  • 1045.20 EUR
  • 1612.80 EUR
  • 100 g
  • 250 g

4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate

GK7618-10G Glentham Life Sciences 10 g 86.4 EUR

4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate

GK7618-25G Glentham Life Sciences 25 g 127.2 EUR

4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate

GK7618-5G Glentham Life Sciences 5 g 66 EUR

4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate

GK7618-10 Glentham Life Sciences 10 41.9 EUR

4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate

GK7618-25 Glentham Life Sciences 25 75.2 EUR

4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate

GK7618-5 Glentham Life Sciences 5 24.6 EUR

2-Nitrobenzenesulfonamide

20-abx181832 Abbexa
  • 309.60 EUR
  • 226.80 EUR
  • 25 g
  • 5 g

O-(4-Nitrobenzoyl)hydroxylamine

20-abx184287 Abbexa
  • 260.40 EUR
  • 693.60 EUR
  • 360.00 EUR
  • 1 g
  • 25 g
  • 5 g

2‐NITROBENZENE‐1‐SULFONYL CHLORIDE

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Cyanine3 tetrazine, 5 mg

210 Lumiprobe 5 mg 280.8 EUR

The extraordinary mutability and genetic diversity of HIV is an enormous challenge, but vaccines are being designed for broad coverage. Computer-aided design of mosaic immunogens, incorporating many epitopes from the entire genome or from conserved regions aim to induce CD8+ T cells to kill virus-infected cells or inhibit virus replication, while trimeric envelope proteins or synthetic mimics aim to induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies similar to those cloned from some infected patients.

Induction of more potent and durable responses may require new adjuvants or replicating chimeric vectors chimeras that bear HIV genes. Passive or genetic delivery of broadly neutralizing antibodies may provide broad protection and/or lead to insights for vaccine designers. Proof-of-concept trials in non-human primates and in one human efficacy trial have provided scientific clues for a vaccine that could provide broad and durable protection against HIV. The use of vaccines to destroy HIV reservoirs as part of therapy or cure is now also being explored.

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