Community-based research has gained increasing recognition in health research over the last two decades. Such participatory research approaches are lauded for their ability to anchor research in lived experiences, ensuring cultural appropriateness, accessing local knowledge, reaching marginalized communities, building capacity, and facilitating research-to-action.
While having these positive attributes, the community-based health research literature is predominantly composed of small projects, using qualitative methods, and set within geographically limited communities. Its use in larger health studies, including clinical trials and cohorts, is limited. We present the Canadian HIV Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study (CHIWOS), a large-scale, multi-site, national, longitudinal quantitative study that has operationalized community-based research in all steps of the research process. Successes, challenges and further considerations are offered.
Through the integration of community-based research principles, we have been successful in: facilitating a two-year long formative phase for this study; developing a novel survey instrument with national involvement; training 39 Peer Research Associates (PRAs); offering ongoing comprehensive support to PRAs; and engaging in an ongoing iterative community-based research process.
Our community-based research approach within CHIWOS demanded that we be cognizant of challenges managing a large national team, inherent power imbalances and challenges with communication, compensation and volunteering considerations, and extensive delays in institutional processes. It is important to consider the iterative nature of community-based research and to work through tensions that emerge given the diverse perspectives of numerous team members.
Community-based research, as an approach to large-scale quantitative health research projects, is an increasingly viable methodological option. Community-based research has several advantages that go hand-in-hand with its obstacles. We offer guidance on implementing this approach, such that the process can be better planned and result in success.
Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for HIV-1.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the cause of one of the most lethal pandemics in human history, although in recent years access to highly effective anti-retroviral therapy has provided new hope worldwide. Transmission of HIV by sexual contact, childbirth and injection drug use has been reduced, but 2 million are newly infected each year, and much of the transmission is from people who do not know their status. In addition to known methods, a preventive vaccine is needed to end the pandemic.
Nitroblue tetrazolium chloride |
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| GC4263-5G | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 g | 265.2 EUR |
Nitroblue tetrazolium chloride |
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| GC4263-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | 71.1 EUR |
Nitroblue tetrazolium chloride |
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| GC4263-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | 189.8 EUR |
Nitroblue tetrazolium chloride |
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| GC4263-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | 45.1 EUR |
Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride |
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| HY-15925 | MedChemExpress | 250mg | 142.8 EUR |
NBT (nitro blue tetrazolium, chloride) |
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| 10008 | Biotium | 250MG | 109.2 EUR |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 250MG |
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NBT (nitro blue tetrazolium, chloride) |
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| 10008-1 | Biotium | 1G | 213.6 EUR |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1G |
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NBT (nitro blue tetrazolium, chloride) |
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| 10008-2 | Biotium | 5G | 663.6 EUR |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 5G |
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Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride monohydrate |
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| 20-abx184281 | Abbexa |
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Tetrazolium Red |
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| HY-D0714 | MedChemExpress | 500mg | 129.6 EUR |
Tetrazolium Violet |
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| GT6818-10G | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 g | 351.6 EUR |
Tetrazolium Violet |
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| GT6818-1G | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 g | 84 EUR |
Tetrazolium Violet |
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| GT6818-5G | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 g | 204 EUR |
Tetrazolium Violet |
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| GT6818-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | 39.4 EUR |
Tetrazolium Violet |
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| GT6818-10 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 | 261 EUR |
Tetrazolium Violet |
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| GT6818-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | 138.5 EUR |
Tetrazolium Blue Chloride |
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| GT7170-1G | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 g | 84 EUR |
Tetrazolium Blue Chloride |
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| GT7170-5G | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 g | 180 EUR |
Tetrazolium Blue Chloride |
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| GT7170-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | 39.4 EUR |
Tetrazolium Blue Chloride |
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| GT7170-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | 118.7 EUR |
Tetranitroblue tetrazolium chloride |
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| GK5496-100MG | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 mg | 76.8 EUR |
Tetranitroblue tetrazolium chloride |
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| GK5496-1G | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 g | 284.4 EUR |
Tetranitroblue tetrazolium chloride |
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| GK5496-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | 205.7 EUR |
Tetranitroblue tetrazolium chloride |
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| GK5496-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | 34.1 EUR |
Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide |
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| abx188911-50g | Abbexa | 50 g | 927.6 EUR |
Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide |
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| 20-abx082213 | Abbexa |
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Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide |
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| 20-abx082549 | Abbexa |
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Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide |
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| GC4568-10G | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 g | 208.8 EUR |
Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide |
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| GC4568-1G | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 g | 74.4 EUR |
Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide |
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| GC4568-5G | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 g | 132 EUR |
Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide |
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| GC4568-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | 31.7 EUR |
Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide |
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| GC4568-10 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 | 142.4 EUR |
Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide |
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| GC4568-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | 79.1 EUR |
Tetranitroblue tetrazolium chloride (TNBT) |
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| T6756 | Bio Basic | 250mg | 99.67 EUR |
Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) |
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| T0793 | Bio Basic | 500mg | 86.1 EUR |
CTC (5-Cyano-2, 3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride) |
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| 10063 | Biotium | 10MG | 121.2 EUR |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 10MG |
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Tetrazole |
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| abx089253-100ml | Abbexa | 100 ml | 393.6 EUR |
Tetrazole |
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| A7061-100000 | ApexBio | 100 g | 211.2 EUR |
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Description: IC50: Not available.Tetrazole is the simplest compound belonging to tetrazoles family, a class of synthetic organic heterocyclic compound consists of a 5-member ring of four nitrogen and one carbon atom. |
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Tetrazole |
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| A7061-25000 | ApexBio | 25 g | 110.4 EUR |
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Description: IC50: Not available.Tetrazole is the simplest compound belonging to tetrazoles family, a class of synthetic organic heterocyclic compound consists of a 5-member ring of four nitrogen and one carbon atom. |
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(RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine |
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| B6254-10 | ApexBio | 10 mg | 459.6 EUR |
(RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine |
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| B6254-50 | ApexBio | 50 mg | 1746 EUR |
5-Methyl tetrazole |
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| 20-abx183745 | Abbexa |
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5-Ethylthio-1(H)-tetrazole |
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| GE7013-1G | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 g | 54 EUR |
5-Ethylthio-1(H)-tetrazole |
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| GE7013-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | 180 EUR |
5-Ethylthio-1(H)-tetrazole |
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| GE7013-5G | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 g | 84 EUR |
Tetrazole-1-acetic acid |
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| GE9742-1G | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 g | 69.6 EUR |
Tetrazole-1-acetic acid |
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| GE9742-5G | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 g | 126 EUR |
42-(2-Tetrazolyl)rapamycin |
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| HY-12424A | MedChemExpress | 1mg | 241.2 EUR |
5-Ethylthio-1(H)-tetrazole |
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| GE7013-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | 16.4 EUR |
5-Ethylthio-1(H)-tetrazole |
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| GE7013-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | 118.7 EUR |
5-Ethylthio-1(H)-tetrazole |
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| GE7013-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | 39.4 EUR |
5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate |
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| GK3683-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | 124.8 EUR |
5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate |
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| GK3683-250G | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 g | 212.4 EUR |
5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate |
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| GK3683-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | 70.8 EUR |
5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate |
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| GK3683-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | 342 EUR |
5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate |
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| GK3683-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | 73.5 EUR |
5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate |
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| GK3683-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | 29.2 EUR |
5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate |
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| GK3683-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | 145.5 EUR |
5-Amino-1(H)-tetrazole hydrate |
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| GK3683-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | 253.1 EUR |
5-bromo-N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridi |
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| 20-abx185265 | Abbexa |
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N-(Triphenylmethyl)-5-(4'-bromomethylbiphenyl-2-yl-)tetrazole |
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| 20-abx181327 | Abbexa |
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2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-(3-nitropropanoyl) -α-D-glucopyranose |
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| TTE1357 | ChemNorm | 5mg | Ask for price |
3-Nitro-4-((tetrahydro-2h-pyran-4-yl)methylamino)benzenesulfonamide |
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| 20-abx184585 | Abbexa |
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Nitrobenzene |
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| S-2705 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1ML | 45.6 EUR |
4-Nitrobiphenyl |
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| 20-abx181185 | Abbexa |
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3-nitrobiphenyl |
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| abx186279-25g | Abbexa | 25 g | 577.2 EUR |
Nitrobenzene-d5 |
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| S-2710 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1ML | 84 EUR |
4-Nitrobenzamide |
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| 20-abx183634 | Abbexa |
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Nitrobenzene-HRP |
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| 80-1230 | Fitzgerald | 500 ul | 970.8 EUR |
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Description: Nitrobenzene Conjugate for use in immunoassays |
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4-Nitrobenzoic acid |
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| GK5397-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | 52.8 EUR |
VOC Nitrobenzene Neat |
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| REVOC380N | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 10MG | 46.87 EUR |
4-Nitrobenzoic acid |
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| GK5397-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | 15.1 EUR |
XFD488 tetrazine *Same Structure to Alexa Fluor™ 488 tetrazine* |
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| 4600 | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 157 EUR |
XFD488 tetrazine *Same Structure to Alexa Fluorâ„¢ 488 tetrazine* |
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| 4600-1mg | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 157 EUR |
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Description: XFD488 is manufactured by AAT Bioquest, and it has the same chemical structure of Alexa Fluor® 488 (Alexa Fluor® is the trademark of ThermoFisher). |
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BDP 630/650 tetrazine, 5 mg |
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| 254 | Lumiprobe | 5 mg | 280.8 EUR |
BDP 581/591 tetrazine, 100 mg |
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| 664 | Lumiprobe | 100 mg | 1711.2 EUR |
BDP 581/591 tetrazine, 50 mg |
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| 564 | Lumiprobe | 50 mg | 1105.2 EUR |
BDP 630/650 tetrazine, 100 mg |
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| 654 | Lumiprobe | 100 mg | 1711.2 EUR |
BDP 581/591 tetrazine, 25 mg |
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| 464 | Lumiprobe | 25 mg | 615.6 EUR |
3-Nitrobenzyl bromide |
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| 20-abx183444 | Abbexa |
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4-Nitrobenzyl bromide |
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| abx185814-500g | Abbexa | 500 g | 493.2 EUR |
3‐NITROBENZALDEHYDE |
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| 914002 | Survival Technologies | each | Ask for price |
3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol |
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| GK0858-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | 143.2 EUR |
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde |
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| GK2298-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | 60 EUR |
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde |
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| GK3210-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | 70.8 EUR |
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde |
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| GK9508-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | 109.2 EUR |
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde |
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| GK9508-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | 66 EUR |
VOC Std Nitrobenzene 1000ug/mL in MeOH |
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| REVOC380 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1ML | 55.49 EUR |
VOC Std Nitrobenzene 2000ug/mL in MeOH |
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| REVOC381 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1ML | 78.34 EUR |
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde |
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| GK9508-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | 60.9 EUR |
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde |
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| GK9508-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | 24.6 EUR |
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde |
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| GK2298-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | 19.8 EUR |
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde |
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| GK3210-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | 28.4 EUR |
3-Nitrobenzyl chloride |
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| GK3336-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | 31.7 EUR |
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate |
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| CB0258 | Bio Basic | 500g | 77.75 EUR |
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate |
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| GE9273-10KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 kg | 199.2 EUR |
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate |
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| GE9273-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | 64.8 EUR |
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate |
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| GE9273-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | 55.2 EUR |
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate |
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| GE9273-5KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 kg | 132 EUR |
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate |
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| GE9273-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | 23.8 EUR |
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate |
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| GE9273-10 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 | 134.4 EUR |
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate |
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| GE9273-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | 79.1 EUR |
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate |
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| GE9273-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | 15.9 EUR |
BDP TR tetrazine, 5 mg |
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| 234 | Lumiprobe | 5 mg | 280.8 EUR |
BDP TR tetrazine, 25 mg |
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| 434 | Lumiprobe | 25 mg | 615.6 EUR |
BDP FL tetrazine, 25 mg |
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| 414 | Lumiprobe | 25 mg | 615.6 EUR |
BDP FL tetrazine, 100 mg |
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| 614 | Lumiprobe | 100 mg | 1711.2 EUR |
BDP TR tetrazine, 50 mg |
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| 534 | Lumiprobe | 50 mg | 1105.2 EUR |
BDP FL tetrazine, 50 mg |
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| 514 | Lumiprobe | 50 mg | 1105.2 EUR |
Cy3 tetrazine |
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| 910 | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 222 EUR |
Cy5 tetrazine |
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| 902 | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 222 EUR |
Cy5 tetrazine |
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| 902-1mg | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 222 EUR |
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Description: The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation constitutes a non-toxic biomolecule labeling method of unparalleled speed. |
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Cy3 tetrazine |
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| 910-1mg | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 222 EUR |
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Description: The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation constitutes a non-toxic biomolecule labeling method of unparalleled speed. |
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3‐NITRO‐2‐METHYL BENZOIC ACID (3‐NITRO‐O‐ TOLUIC ACID; 2‐METHYL‐3‐NITROBENZOIC ACID) |
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| 614002 | Survival Technologies | each | Ask for price |
iFluor® 647 Tetrazine |
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| 1019 | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 211 EUR |
BDP R6G tetrazine, 25 mg |
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| 444 | Lumiprobe | 25 mg | 615.6 EUR |
BDP R6G tetrazine, 50 mg |
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| 544 | Lumiprobe | 50 mg | 1105.2 EUR |
BDP R6G tetrazine, 100 mg |
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| 644 | Lumiprobe | 100 mg | 1711.2 EUR |
Cy3B Tetrazine |
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| 948 | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 412 EUR |
Cy3B Tetrazine |
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| 948-1mg | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 412 EUR |
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Description: Cy3® dye is one of the most common cyanine dyes used for labeling proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules. |
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Manganese(II) nitrate tetrahydrate, 97.5% |
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| GX8825-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | 133.4 EUR |
iFluor® 488 Tetrazine |
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| 1014-1mg | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 211 EUR |
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Description: The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation constitutes a non-toxic biomolecule labeling method of unparalleled speed. |
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iFluor® 555 Tetrazine |
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| 1016-1mg | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 211 EUR |
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Description: The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation constitutes a non-toxic biomolecule labeling method of unparalleled speed. |
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iFluor® 594 Tetrazine |
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| 1018-1mg | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 211 EUR |
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Description: The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation constitutes a non-toxic biomolecule labeling method of unparalleled speed. |
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iFluor® 647 Tetrazine |
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| 1019-1mg | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | 211 EUR |
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Description: The tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation constitutes a non-toxic biomolecule labeling method of unparalleled speed. |
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1-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-1H-imidazole |
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| 20-abx186664 | Abbexa |
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SVOC Std 4-Nitrobiphenyl 1000ug/mL in MeOH |
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| RESVOC033 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1ML | 116.2 EUR |
SVOC Std 4-Nitrobiphenyl 2000ug/mL in MeOH |
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| RESVOC034 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1ML | 138.39 EUR |
CF568 tetrazine |
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| 96055 | Biotium | 1mg | 428.4 EUR |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
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CF647 tetrazine |
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| 96056 | Biotium | 1mg | 428.4 EUR |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
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4-Nitro-Z-Gly-Cys(7-nitro-benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-4-yl)-Gly-OH |
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| M-1590.0025 | Bachem | 25.0mg | 877.2 EUR |
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Description: Sum Formula: C21H19N7O11S; CAS# [152390-46-0] |
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4-Nitro-Z-Gly-Cys(7-nitro-benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-4-yl)-Gly-OH |
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| M-1590.0100 | Bachem | 100.0mg | 2473.2 EUR |
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Description: Sum Formula: C21H19N7O11S; CAS# [152390-46-0] |
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5,5'-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) |
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| 20-abx183655 | Abbexa |
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5, 5′-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) |
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| abx082091-1g | Abbexa | 1 g | 226.8 EUR |
5, 5′-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) |
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| abx082288-1g | Abbexa | 1 g | 243.6 EUR |
5,5''-Dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) |
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| GK9458-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | 21 EUR |
5,5''-Dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) |
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| GK9458-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | 163.2 EUR |
5,5''-Dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) |
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| GK9458-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | 43 EUR |
CF488A tetrazine |
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| 96054 | Biotium | 1mg | 428.4 EUR |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
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1-(2-Bromoethoxy)-4-Nitrobenzene |
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| 20-abx188068 | Abbexa |
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4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate |
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| GK7618-10G | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 g | 86.4 EUR |
4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate |
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| GK7618-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | 127.2 EUR |
4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate |
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| GK7618-5G | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 g | 66 EUR |
4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate |
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| GK7618-10 | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 | 41.9 EUR |
4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate |
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| GK7618-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | 75.2 EUR |
4-Nitrobenzyl chloroformate |
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| GK7618-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | 24.6 EUR |
2-Nitrobenzenesulfonamide |
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| 20-abx181832 | Abbexa |
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O-(4-Nitrobenzoyl)hydroxylamine |
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| 20-abx184287 | Abbexa |
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2‐NITROBENZENE‐1‐SULFONYL CHLORIDE |
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| 914003 | Survival Technologies | each | Ask for price |
Cyanine3 tetrazine, 5 mg |
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| 210 | Lumiprobe | 5 mg | 280.8 EUR |
The extraordinary mutability and genetic diversity of HIV is an enormous challenge, but vaccines are being designed for broad coverage. Computer-aided design of mosaic immunogens, incorporating many epitopes from the entire genome or from conserved regions aim to induce CD8+ T cells to kill virus-infected cells or inhibit virus replication, while trimeric envelope proteins or synthetic mimics aim to induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies similar to those cloned from some infected patients.
Induction of more potent and durable responses may require new adjuvants or replicating chimeric vectors chimeras that bear HIV genes. Passive or genetic delivery of broadly neutralizing antibodies may provide broad protection and/or lead to insights for vaccine designers. Proof-of-concept trials in non-human primates and in one human efficacy trial have provided scientific clues for a vaccine that could provide broad and durable protection against HIV. The use of vaccines to destroy HIV reservoirs as part of therapy or cure is now also being explored.